- Contents/Frequently asked questions
- Which doctor should perform penis enlargement surgery?
- Enlargement even when excited?
- What results can we achieve?
- What is the organizational procedure for penis enlargement?
- What type of anesthesia is used?
- What technology is used for the extension?
- What technique do we use for penis thickening?
- Why don\’t we use other penis enlargement techniques?
- What happens before & after the operation?
- Costs & financing
- How big is the average penis when erect?
- Is penis size important?
- Patient opinions
Contents
Home » Treatments » Penis enlargement
Evidence-based surgical penis enlargement in Darmstadt
Your experts for lasting results.
Discreet expertise in sensitive matters.
Your experts in Darmstadt for lasting results. Discreet competence in sensitive matters.
The decision to undergo penis enlargement is highly individual – and is often associated with many questions and uncertainties. It is our job to take these worries away from you and provide you with conscientious, comprehensive and competent advice.
Our advice and surgical penis enlargement are based on the latest scientific findings, evidence-based medicine, decades of experience and extensive patient surveys. In addition to the 72 scientific studies cited by us, over 200 other publications have been evaluated.
Our penis enlargement surgeon Dr. Jethon has been performing this procedure practically every day since 2006. During this time, he has personally performed more than 8,000 verifiable penis enlargements.
See also: References in the text and list of sources
Important note: The following information does not replace a personal consultation with our experienced doctors in Darmstadt. Arrange a discreet appointment for individual treatment planning.
Find the evidence-based answers to your questions below:
- Contents/Frequently asked questions
- Which doctor should perform penis enlargement surgery?
- Enlargement even when excited?
- What results can we achieve?
- What is the organizational procedure for penis enlargement?
- What type of anesthesia is used?
- What technology is used for the extension?
- What technique do we use for penis thickening?
- Why don\’t we use other penis enlargement techniques?
- What happens before & after the operation?
- Costs & financing
- How big is the average penis when erect?
- Is penis size important?
- Patient opinions
- Contents/Frequently asked questions
- Which doctor should perform penis enlargement surgery?
- Enlargement even when excited?
- What results can we achieve?
- What is the organizational procedure for penis enlargement?
- What type of anesthesia is used?
- What technology is used for the extension?
- What technique do we use for penis thickening?
- Why don\’t we use other penis enlargement techniques?
- What happens before & after the operation?
- Costs & financing
- How big is the average penis when erect?
- Is penis size important?
- Patient opinions
Which doctor should perform penis enlargement surgery?
Why penis enlargement is not a harmless procedure
Many patients believe that surgical penis enlargement is a simple procedure with no risk. Irresponsible advertising promises made by doctors today have no scientific basis. Read more about this below under “Are there other methods”.
Competent advice and the safe, effective performance of penis enlargement surgery should only be provided by a doctor who is personally experienced in this procedure. They should be able to apply evidence-based methods for effective penis enlargement.
Why is many years of experience essential?
The study situation on surgical penis enlargement is poor and shows contradictory results. Further research and the creation of guidelines for this operation are necessary. When performed with extensive experience and using evidence-based techniques, the results are very good, with low risk and high patient satisfaction (Citation: 1).
Why can't every doctor master this operation?
Surgical penis enlargement is not included in the training catalog of a specialist in urology (Citation: 2, 3)
The assumption by patients that every specialist is trained in this operation is wrong. It is a highly complex specialist operation and also a niche operation.
When an experienced doctor operates and uses evidence-based methods of high quality:
- Very good results in both the flaccid and erect state
- Low risk
- Very high patient satisfaction
Important scientific findings:
- Current studies emphasize the particular importance of the personal experience of the operating surgeon and correct patient selection. To prevent risks and achieve good and lasting results (Citation: 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10)
- In penis enlargement, the same technique produces very different results, depending on the surgeon (Citation: 9). This finding shows that an inexperienced surgeon is often to blame for poor results.
- It depends on the personal case numbers of the surgeon, not on the case numbers of the clinic or the title of the doctor (Citation: 10, 11).
Conjecture: Perhaps the attitude of the urological society towards this operation is negative because its members have performed penis enlargement without the necessary training and experience and have therefore had poor and contradictory results.
Risks? Of course - but controllable
Every medical procedure involves risks. However, thanks to our specialization, precise surgical technique and decades of experience, penis enlargement at our clinic is associated with a very low risk of complications. Our patients particularly appreciate the fact that we provide open and transparent information about possible side effects.
Conclusion: Our focus is on quality, sustainability and your long-term satisfaction. That’s why we avoid trends and advertising promises. We also don’t use long-known techniques to sell you as a novelty, which unfortunately happens again and again. We concentrate on what we do best: safe, natural and permanent penis enlargement with medical excellence.
Enlargement even when excited?
Yes, enlargement also in erection
Our experience and the application of the right evidence-based technique also leads to an increase in the length and girth of erections. This has been proven by independent scientific studies (Citation: 1).
Some doctors claim that erection enlargement is not possible with this operation. This is definitely false. We would like to emphasize again the importance of experience and competence for the result. Even when the identical technique is used, the results vary depending on the doctor treating you (Citation: 9)
Our approach to effective penis enlargement combines maximum experience, skill, medical precision, the highest quality materials, human empathy and the utmost discretion. We focus on you as a person and you will be looked after by a team specializing in penis enlargement.
What is our specialty?
The founding father of UGRS, Dr. Jörn Ege, who is responsible for penis enlargement, performed surgical penis enlargement as early as 1993 and helped develop the modern technique for lengthening and thickening. He was socially criticized for years for performing this operation.
He trained the current UGRS surgeon Dr. Jethon in this operation between 2002 and 2006. In 1995, Dr. Jörn Ege also developed the first penis extender for use after surgery, the JES Extender named after him.
UGRS doctors and the UGRS team have 20 years of experience, competence and skill ahead of most other surgeons in Germany.
Milestones of our expertise:
- 1993: First surgical penis enlargement by Dr. Jörn Ege Siana
- 1995: Development of the first penis extender (JES Extender)
- 2002-2006: Training of the current UGRS surgeon Dr. Jethon in penis enlargement
- 2006-today: Over 8,000 documented penis enlargement operations
Our evidence-based treatment approach combines:
- Highest level of experience (8,000+ operations)
- Medical precision through evidence-based methods
- High-quality materials
- Human empathy
- Maximum discretion
- Specialized penis enlargement team
What results can we achieve?
Our specially developed technique for penis enlargement enables both lengthening and thickening of the penis in a single procedure – permanently and without the use of foreign materials. Our method is based exclusively on the body’s own tissue. This allows us to achieve a natural result that is both visually and functionally impressive.
- Extension: approx. 3 - 6 cm (up to 14.2 cm additionally possible in individual cases)
- Thickening: approx. 2.8 cm increase in circumference (in aesthetic proportion)
We offer you an outpatient procedure under local anesthesia with twilight sleep; general anesthesia is not necessary. Thanks to our “speed recovery” technique, you will be ready for everyday life again in no time.
Your advantages at a glance
- Permanent penis enlargement without foreign materials such as silicone or filler
- Combination of penis enlargement and penis thickening in one procedure
- Outpatient procedure with local anesthesia and twilight sleep (no general anesthesia required)
- Complete functional preservation and esthetically natural result
We answer your questions

Give us a call or write to us.

Your contact person is Mr. Felix Jung, Head of the Plastic Surgery Patient Secretariat.
We will be happy to have one of our doctors call you back if you make an appointment.
We will be happy to take the time to answer your questions about penis enlargement surgery.
You can reach us from Monday to Friday, from 9:30 to 19:00 or individually by appointment.
What is the organizational procedure for penis enlargement?
Transparency from the initial consultation to aftercare
Penis enlargement surgery should never be undertaken lightly. That’s why every treatment begins with a detailed personal consultation. Together with you, we clarify your goals, discuss possible results and openly answer all questions about risks, the healing process and the technique. Your decision on penis enlargement should be informed and well-founded.
Before the operation
- Anonymous, free and non-binding advice, by telephone or e-mail
- Medical evaluation of your health situation
- Detailed consultation with Dr. Christoph Jethon, the surgeon responsible for penis enlargement in our clinic
- Discussion of your initial anatomical situation and medical history
- Clarification of the process and the exact procedure
The procedure itself
- Duration: approx. 90 minutes
- Local anesthesia with gentle twilight sleep. Naturally performed by our experienced anesthetists. General anesthesia is possible on request.
- Gentle keyhole technique
- You can find out how we perform the operation under the menu item on our lengthening and thickening techniques
After the operation (on the day of the operation)
- Recovery time on site after the operation (approx. 1 hour)
- Return to the hotel (hospital stay possible but not necessary)
After the operation (day after)
- Wound control
- You will receive detailed aftercare instructions (e.g. abstaining from sport and sex for approx. 5 weeks)
- Follow-up appointments are not necessary but are of course possible at any time free of charge
Thanks to our special technique, many patients report minimal pain, rapid recovery and a high level of fitness for everyday life just a few days after the procedure.
What type of anesthesia is used?
We have been performing penis enlargement on an outpatient basis in twilight sleep for around 20 years. Our experience and expertise make this possible.
You will experience the procedure in a relaxed manner, will not notice anything and will be fit again very quickly.
Of course, the anesthetist is always present. He – and only he – performs the twilight anesthesia, not the surgeon. We therefore perform twilight anesthesia instead of general anesthesia not to save the anesthesiologist during penis enlargement. But because it is more comfortable and much gentler for the patient.
Scientific basis for these benefits:
What technology is used for the extension?
Scientifically superior results
Our penis enlargement technique as part of surgical penis enlargement is based on the latest scientific findings, evidence-based medicine and decades of experience.
Why pure ligamentolysis is not sufficient: Studies have clearly shown that the original surgical technique of pure ligamentolysis achieves poorer results (Citation: 16).
Our combined technique: UGRS doctors have therefore been using a combined technique that has been modified over the years since 1993:
- Ligamentolysis with subsequent
- Internal swivel flap plastic in a modified form
- Additional special features (not publicly disclosed for quality reasons)
- Only the body's own material (no “silicone ball”)
Important to know: you can find out why we generally do not use silicone implants for penis enlargement under the menu item “Why don’t we use other techniques for penis enlargement?”.
Scientifically proven benefits: Our combined lengthening technique as part of penis enlargement achieves better results, especially when performed professionally by an experienced doctor (Citation: 1, 9, 16).
Explained in a patient-friendly way: We take out a little more of the inner part of the penis, which lengthens the outer part.
We used to describe the ratio as 50:50. If you read this on other websites, you will know exactly who copied from our old texts. Probably to pretend to use the same technique as us or due to a lack of knowledge on their part.
Important: No incisions are made in the penis – there are no risks in this regard.
Questions for Dr. Christoph Jethon:
Why do men have surgery at the UGRS?
Questions for Dr. Christoph Jethon:
What results can be achieved with penis enlargement?
Worth knowing
In our UGRS.blog we deal with developments and provide insights on many topics.
Questions for Dr. Christoph Jethon: Have celebrities also had their best bits enlarged?
What technique do we use for penis thickening?
Gold standard method: Autologous fat tissue transplantation according to Dr. Siana
The method we use was developed by UGRS founding father Dr. Jörn Siana. He had special surgical instruments produced by the industry for this purpose – proof of our innovative strength in penis enlargement.
This is how our proven thickening technology works:
- Harvesting: Living adipose tissue with stem cells from the thigh or abdomen
- Preparation: Nowadays it would be described as a mixture of macrofat, microfat, nanofat plus stem cells
- Transplantation: Precisely coordinated injection under the skin of the penis
- Healing: Natural fusion with surrounding tissue
Our method was described early on as the gold standard for penis thickening (see Krupp/Rennekampff “Plastische Chirurgie”, medical reference book).
Experience determines the result: This technique requires a great deal of experience. This is the only way to achieve natural results without unsightly dents, lumps or loss of sensation. Thanks to continuous further development and decades of experience, we ensure maximum safety and patient satisfaction.
Scientifically proven advantages:
- When performed professionally and with the correct patient selection, this technique of autologous fat tissue transplantation for penis thickening as part of penis enlargement leads to very good and long-lasting results, with low risk (Citation: 17, 18, 19).
- Processed fatty tissue is now successfully used in plastic surgery in many areas of the body (Citation: 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30), which underlines the safety and professionalism of our technique.
Thanks to the continuous development of our technology and years of experience, we ensure maximum safety, sustainability and patient satisfaction.
Medical ethics before profit: While dubious doctors often exaggerate, we rely on scientifically sound moderation for optimal results with minimal risks. We perform the thickening in aesthetic proportion to the lengthening achieved.
Significantly more would be possible, but is risky: the risk increases significantly from a quantity of approx. 300 ml of transplanted fatty tissue (Citation: 31).
Why we reject other thickening techniques
Other penis thickening techniques often have hidden, sometimes significant risks and side effects. Hyaluronic acid on the penis can even cause fatal complications. This is why we only use our tried and tested autologous fat technique. According to our experience and scientific findings, this has a lower risk than other fillers when performed correctly (Citation: 21).
Find out more under “Why don’t we use other penis enlargement techniques?”.
Why don't we use other penis enlargement techniques?
Why don't we use hyaluronic acid, silicone or artificial skin?
Concealed risks and major dangers
Since around 2014, other sometimes questionable doctors have discovered penis enlargement for themselves and advertise with irresponsible, scientifically unproven promises and clear false statements. We take a stand on the other techniques in the order we feel they are most dangerous for patients.
Scientific evaluation of other methods according to risk
We list methods offered as an alternative to the technique we use and evaluate them according to scientific knowledge and personal experience.
Is hyaluronic acid for penis enlargement really harmless and low-risk?
Hyaluronic acid is advertised as a harmless, risk-free, cost-effective alternative to complex penis enlargement surgery. In our opinion, this is irresponsible. Scientific findings support our opinion.
What key facts speak against hyaluronic acid on the penis?
The key facts here are:
- No approval: There is (as of 5/2025) no hyaluronic acid product explicitly approved for use on the penis. It is used by the respective doctor in so-called off-label use, i.e. the manufacturer assumes no liability, which can be of enormous consequence for the patient in the event of complications.
- Deaths documented: There are even scientifically reported deaths after using hyaluronic acid for penile thickening (Citation: 32, 33)
Risk-free and harmless looks different!
What are the known risks of hyaluronic acid?
Hyaluronic acid can, depending on the area of application and the quality of the application:
- Infections
- Biofilms caused by bacteria, especially when large quantities are used
- Necrosis (dying off) of the skin
- and in particular cause vascular occlusions
Hyaluronic acid and its risks have long been known (Citation: 34, 35, 36, 37).
When applied to the face, blindness occurred repeatedly (Citation: 38, 39).
What are the consequences of off-label use of hyaluronic acid on the penis?
It can be assumed that vascular occlusion of the penis as a side effect of hyaluronic acid treatment leads to erectile dysfunction, possibly permanently.
This assumption was made in particular because vascular occlusions in the face caused by hyaluronic acid also affected veins as a late reaction (Citation: 40). Veins in the penis are responsible for erection control.
Is hyaluronic acid really a cost-effective alternative?
The statement that it is a low-cost alternative is also not true. It is in fact a dubious advertising promise.
Why the cost statement is wrong:
Hyaluronic acid is a degradable filler, which means that the respective treatment must be repeated at intervals. This means that the costs are not only incurred once, but several times and quickly add up over time.
As the penile skin is thin and the amount of hyaluronic acid required for treatment is relatively large, the penile skin wears out over time. This means that if the replenishments are not carried out, there is a risk that the penis skin will be too large and hang down wrinkled. This makes the penis look old and misshapen.
What is problematic about brand names for hyaluronic acid on the penis?
We find it reprehensible for doctors to register brand names for the use of hyaluronic acid on the penis if they use these brand names as long as hyaluronic acid on the penis has not been approved.
The brand name “AndroFill”, for example, does not describe an approved product, as patients repeatedly say when they ask us about it, but merely the technique of holding the needle during injection. Due to the fact that patients repeatedly believe that it is an approved product in its own right, we can only assume that this was the intention.
Important to know: No medical procedure is without risk. It becomes problematic when risks are concealed to promote sales or the existence of products is feigned in the eyes of patients.
Why don't we use hyaluronic acid?
Our method for penis thickening with autologous fat is permanent. Fatty tissue is also the body’s own living tissue. Hyaluronic acid is a liquid that breaks down again.
Why don't we use silicone sleeves for penis thickening?
In the USA in particular, silicone plates for penis enlargement are offered under different product names, even by the same manufacturer. Similar to hyaluronic acid, these products are also often marketed as simple, low-risk and with equivalent results.
What important scientific findings are there on silicone sleeves?
Important scientific findings:
- Enlargement in the flaccid state: The silicone sleeves often only lead to an enlargement in the flaccid state (Citation: 41). In our experience, many patients are not even aware of this.
- Significant risks: The insertion of silicone sleeves can involve considerable risks and complications. These include biofilm formation due to bacteria, infections and foreign body reactions (Citation: 42, 43). These risks can also lead to shortening and curvature of the penis (Citation; 44). Foreign materials, especially in mechanically stressed areas such as the penis, can also slip out of place.
- Risk of erosion: Since the penis is a highly flexible organ and the silicone plate is not, the implant may pierce the skin (erosion) or disrupt underlying structures that are important for the function of the penis. A very comprehensive scientific study on the subject concludes that the risk of erosion in particular was probably underestimated in earlier publications (Citation: 45)
Why don't we use silicone sleeves?
Our technique leads to an enlargement in the flaccid AND erect state and does not involve the risks of foreign material.
While the autologous fat tissue transplantation we use is a minimally invasive procedure, the insertion of a silicone plate requires a more extensive procedure with the corresponding surgical risks.
Why don't we use silicone balls in the penis enlargement technique?
A silicone ball is also an artificial foreign body and there is a risk of biofilm formation, infection, foreign body reaction and systemic reaction to the insertion of silicone (Citation: 42, 43, 46).
What are the mechanical risks of silicone balls during sexual intercourse?
There is also considerable mechanical force at the point between the penis and the pelvic bone during sexual intercourse. In the worst case, the implant can slip.
Conclusion:
Our lengthening technique uses the body’s own tissue. This eliminates the additional risks associated with artificial material.
Thanks to our experience and expertise, we do not need to use a silicone ball.
Why don't we use artificial skin strips (pig) or autologous skin strips for penis thickening?
The study situation for this new procedure is extremely poor. Some studies report an implausibly low complication rate and only a small increase in the circumference of the penis when erect (Citation: 47).
What contradictory study results are there on skin strips?
Other studies report a high complication rate, as we would expect, as infections, unsightly appearance and penile curvature can occur (Citation: 48, 49, 50). It is also reported that patients who have undergone this new technique regret it (Citation: 49).
Why don't we use skin strips?
We consider the risk of infection to be too high. Your own skin strips also have to be taken from a place where scars occur – in addition to the risks on the penis itself.
Why do we not use vein implants?
Intervention in the organ:
These vein implants or vein interpositions are a far-reaching intervention in the penis itself. The cavernous body is altered in the depth of the organ. If carried out successfully without the sometimes considerable risks, the result is an enlargement exclusively in erection (Citation: 51).
For us, the risk and expense of this experimental procedure is disproportionate to the result.
Are there options for penis enlargement without surgery?
We do not have to resort to science to answer this question, but can answer it on the basis of general logic and common knowledge:
If there was something simple and inexpensive for penis enlargement, we doctors would not be in the operating theater from morning to night.
Can hormone pills or hormone patches cause penis enlargement?
If hormone pills or hormone patches caused penis enlargement, all professional bodybuilders and millions of older men who take these pills due to age-related hormonal weakness would have very large penises, because they take these pills for years. The opposite is the case.
What do you think of penis stretching belts?
With regard to penis stretching belts, it should be noted that the best-known one refers to an FDA approval that does not even exist and presents a study on effectiveness that firstly relates to a different product and secondly is controversial in the scientific community.
Whether it is credible that it would be risk-free to pull the penis to the side for hours every day for 6 months or longer is a question you can surely answer for yourself.
What happens before & after the operation?
Well prepared = relaxed throughout the procedure.
Good preparation and clear aftercare are crucial for an optimal surgical outcome. Our aim is for you to feel well informed, safe and supported at all times. That is why you will not only receive medical care from us, but also clear, understandable instructions for every phase.
Before the operation
- Take your time to make your decision - we will advise you without pressure.
- Our special feature: patients can cancel up to the last second free of charge. We do not pressure or persuade anyone to undergo surgery.
- Plan your penis enlargement as stress-free as possible: Many patients do not need a vacation, as the procedure is performed on an outpatient basis.
- Avoid alcohol and nicotine from 24 hours before the operation. You should refrain from taking blood-thinning medication (after consulting your family doctor!) for 10 days before the operation.
- Bring comfortable clothing, ideally with a wide waistband.
- Our secretarial staff will be happy to help you with your travel planning and accommodation.
After the operation
- Rest on the day of the operation and follow our instructions for wound care.
- Wear the dressing as recommended and avoid rubbing and pressure on the surgical area.
- You should refrain from sexual intercourse and sporting activities for about five weeks - after that you will usually be able to work under full pressure again.
- Showering is usually possible again after a few days - bathing, sauna and swimming pool only after clearance by the doctor.
Speed recovery: why our patients are fit so quickly
Thanks to the combination of outstanding experience, gentle surgical technique, keyhole surgery and relaxed anesthesia in twilight sleep, our patients experience the procedure as uncomplicated. Many are able to return to work after just a few days – depending on their workload. This is what we call medical efficiency for your quality of life.
Our promise: We will not leave you alone after the procedure. You will receive written aftercare instructions, a contact person for queries – and, if necessary, a short-term check-up. Your safety, satisfaction and recovery are our focus.
Penis enlargement in Darmstadt
Costs & financing
Clarity right from the start – without hidden fees.
High-quality medical services have their price – but with us, you know where you stand right from the start. We focus on fair, transparent pricing without unexpected additional costs. Because trust begins with openness.
What does penis enlargement cost?
-
Combination of penis enlargement & penis thickening:
approx. 10,800 euros -
Penis enlargement only:
approx. 7,900 euros -
Penis thickening only:
approx. 6,600 euros
Patients wanted for media coverage:
For operations on June 25 and June 27, 2025, we are looking for a patient whose operation will be accompanied anonymously by a film team for scientific documentation. The film team will pay a fee of €1,500 per patient.
To avoid any misunderstandings, the operation still costs around €10,800, but the film team pays the patient a fee of €1,500 at the same time.
Otherwise, all regulations apply as usual.
If you are interested, please contact our office as soon as possible.
The combination of both procedures not only saves time and the healing phase, but also significantly reduces the overall costs. All prices include surgery, anesthesia, aftercare and medical care.
Payment options
- Bank transfer
- EC or credit card
- Cash payment (anonymous, possible without notification)
- 0 % installment payment with a 12-month term: In cooperation with our financing providers, we offer you interest-free installment models - flexible and plannable.
Why quality has its price
Our surgical technique is based on over two decades of research, development and international exchange. We work exclusively with qualified personnel, high-quality materials and state-of-the-art instruments. All of this is incorporated into the costs – as well as your safety, satisfaction and a lasting result.
Our promise
- No hidden costs
- No additional fees for aftercare
- No compromises on quality and safety
If you’re considering penis enlargement, do it right – with a specialized team that doesn’t compromise.
How big is the average penis when erect?
Read our analysis based on scientific facts and publications below.
The European condom standard EN ISO 4074 can clearly be used for the European penis: The standard-compliant condom has a length of at least 16 cm (Citation: 52, 53). As the DIN standard requires condoms to fit snugly so that their protective function can be effective, the average European penis cannot be significantly shorter than 16 cm. Otherwise, all standard-compliant condoms would be too large and would not be able to fulfill their protective function.
A recent study of 4,800 Italian men found that the average Italian penis is 16.78 cm long when erect (Citation: 54). This is roughly in line with the European condom standard.
The average European penis is therefore approx. 16 -17 cm long when erect.
The fact that an average penis is only 14.13 cm or even only 12.3 cm long, as has often been claimed in the past, is simply wrong.
What led to these incorrect values in publications in the past?
Find out here what caused this incorrect value:
Has penis size changed in recent years?
Interestingly, a large-scale study has found that penis size has increased by 24% in the last 20 years (Citation: 55). This is not actually possible because the time span is far too short for a serious evolutionary change.
Certain measurement methods led to incorrect results
The previous procedure was to determine the penis size in erection by stretching the flaccid penis. One study found that on average the penis is 2.64 cm too small in relation to a real erection (Citation: 56).
In old studies, it was apparently wrongly assumed that the stretched length of the flaccid penis is identical to the erection length.
And they probably didn’t consider that the length of the pulled penis depends on the pulling force of the person examining it.
Why are ethnic differences in penis size important?
In addition, it is likely that the old values referred to the average man worldwide. In the past, it was not taken into account that there are considerable ethnic differences in penis size (Citation: 57, 58, 59).
The old studies on average penis size included Asian men, although Asian men, especially Chinese men, have significantly smaller penises than European or US men (Citation: 59).
Conclusion: The studies and publications prior to 2006 and later studies that referred to the old ones obviously overlooked the error-prone measurement method of elongation (which is also dependent on the traction force) and the ethnic differences. They are therefore based on false assumptions.
It can be assumed that penis sizes have not recently increased by 24%, but have always been 24% larger than measured due to the flawed measurement protocol.
What is the scientifically correct approach to assessing penis size and related problems?
It is now scientifically recommended to measure average penis sizes in relation to their ethnic variance in order to better address the needs of patients or partners (Citation: 58).
For a European woman who has a problem with her partner’s penis size, it is of no use to be told the average size of a Chinese man’s penis.
Is penis size related to other body characteristics?
According to scientific findings, there is a correlation between the size of the penis in an erect state in terms of length and thickness and body size (Citation: 54).
Curious: According to the latest scientific findings, the connection between nose size and penis size could actually be true (Citation: 60)
Your expert for penis enlargement

UGRS doctor Dr. med. Christoph Jethon
Specialist in plastic, reconstructive and aesthetic surgery
Over 8,000 penis enlargement operations
consisting of penis enlargement and penis thickening since 2006



Is penis size important?
Based on our decades of evidence-based work, extensive experience and interviews with patients and their partners, we can clearly answer this question with “yes”.
What does science say about the importance of penis size?
What science says: There are very few studies and publications from the past. Possible dissatisfaction with the penis size of the partner by the woman was apparently negated.
The question of why an erect penis gets bigger and not just hard was also not investigated. Size must therefore inevitably play a role.
Which current studies confirm the importance of penis size?
Studies confirm that penis size plays a role in women’s choice of partner (Citation: 61, 62).
A study by California State University and the University of California, which analyzed a survey of around 52,000 men and women in partner relationships, confirms that 84% of women are generally satisfied with the size of their partner’s penis, but also reports that 14% of women would like their partner to have a larger penis (Citation: 63).
Why is 14% dissatisfied women a significant number?
14% may not sound like much at first, but in reality it is a lot, making the issue of penis size very important for women and their sexual satisfaction. Because 14% means more than 8 million women in the USA alone and more than 12 million women in Europe.
How important is penis size compared to other physical desires?
This 14% is also almost as much as the 20% of men who would like their partners to have larger breasts (Citation: 64).
This means that the issue of penis size is much more important for women than previously assumed by society.
Does the preference for larger penises have an evolutionary advantage?
Scientists have been investigating whether there is an evolutionary reason for women’s preference for larger penises.
The results are impressive:
How has the female body influenced penis size in evolutionary terms?
The female body seems to have had a decisive evolutionary influence on penis size. The penis appears to have increased in size because the human vagina is larger compared to primates, so that the larger head of a human child, which results from the larger brain, can fit through it. In order for the human penis to continue to fill the vagina during sexual intercourse, it inevitably had to become larger (Citation: 65).
Do larger penises increase the probability of reproduction?
Larger penises also appear to increase the probability of reproductive success (Citation: 66).
A larger penis could therefore be important in terms of the probability of reproduction.
What role does the size variance of the vagina play?
Studies confirm a considerable variance in the size of the female vagina (Citation: 67, 68). Consequently, it is probably correct to assume that penis size also plays a role in finding a suitable partner.
Why is female sexual dissatisfaction not addressed by society?
Has emancipation in sexuality been completed?
If penis size is obviously important for reproduction and sexual experience, why is it no longer a social issue that the large number of 14% of women do not experience sufficient sexual satisfaction from their partner’s penis?
It seems to be due to the fact that female sexuality is still suppressed by men (Citation: 69, 70, 71).
What increases women's sexual satisfaction?
It was already proven in 1991 that sexual satisfaction and contentment in a woman’s life increases significantly when she dares to express and demand her personal desires (Citation: 72).
Emancipation has not yet been fully achieved.
What should society and science do?
Society and science should make further efforts to promote equal rights for women, including in sexual matters.
Since the penis is a mechanical instrument for obtaining pleasure, we believe that an emancipated woman is also entitled to express dissatisfaction with her partner’s penis.
Do women become active in penis enlargement decisions?
Who makes appointments for penis enlargement surgery?
Women are becoming active: We can report from our evidence-based medical practice that more and more women are making an appointment for penis enlargement surgery for their partner.
Penis enlargement surgery is not a male issue, as was long assumed, but affects both partners equally.
Patient opinions
We take a very critical view of printing patient opinions on the Internet. In addition, we have operated on many thousands of patients, so even if we were to print 500 reports, you still wouldn’t know how the other patients fared.
However, as there are always requests for testimonials, here are 20 statements from some patients as examples. Some of them have been modified, as they could otherwise be attributed. We attach great importance to the absolute anonymity of our patients.
We had asked the patients to write something after the operation. In reality, you don’t receive a letter of thanks, but flowers or wine, etc. That’s why we view patient reports so critically, because almost nobody writes something like that of their own accord.
“I have struggled with my self-confidence for years. The procedure at UGRS was uncomplicated, painless and the result exceeded my expectations. My partner notices the difference and is absolutely thrilled.”
“I was skeptical, but the team at UGRS gave me professional advice. Today, six months later, I am completely satisfied. It was one of the best decisions of my life.”
“I could already see a difference after the first week. The procedure was minimally invasive and the recovery time was short. My girlfriend told me that she feels physically closer to me than before.”
“The procedure was completely pain-free and the care was excellent. My self-confidence has increased significantly and everything is better in bed too. My partner said I look like a new person.”
“I had a lot of questions, but the team was incredibly patient. The results speak for themselves. I finally feel comfortable with my body.”
“What particularly impressed me was the discreet atmosphere. No pressure, just honest advice. The result is natural and convincing.”
“I didn’t want anything over the top – just a bit more self-confidence. That’s exactly what I got. Hardly any pain, hardly any downtime, great support.”
“The procedure was actually easier than dental treatment. Hardly any pain or swelling. My partner notices the difference.”
“What I liked was the honesty: not an empty promise, but realistic expectations. And that’s exactly what was fulfilled.”
“I had the operation because I always felt inferior compared to others. That’s history now.”
“I would never have thought how much a small procedure would affect my self-esteem. It was not only a huge benefit physically, but also mentally.”
“Two months after the procedure, I was fully resilient again – even when doing sport. The result looks absolutely natural.”
“The best thing was that nobody noticed. I was able to tell my partner myself – and her reaction was priceless.”
“I deliberately chose UGRS because they provide serious advice. No false promises – no disappointment.”
“I was initially unsure about the risks – but to be honest, it was more harmless than I thought. The aftercare was excellent.”
“After 15 years of marriage, this change has even rekindled our love life. My wife said I was like a new person.”
“It’s no longer a taboo subject for me. I talk about it openly – because I’m proud of my body now.”
“UGRS wasn’t the cheapest option, but it was by far the most reputable. And you can tell from the initial consultation to the aftercare.”
“I opted for a combination of thickening and lengthening. The proportions are now much more harmonious.”
“The best thing is that my self-confidence has not only improved in bed – I also feel more confident in everyday life. Even my boss has noticed.”
The medical information provided on this website is for general information purposes only and does not replace a personal consultation with our doctors. As a tertiary medical center, we are also available for second opinions.
About the author
Jörg Hagen, doctor
The author Jörg Hagen has been the medical director of UGRS International Germany since 1995 and has over 30 years of experience in penis enlargement and complex urological issues. He is regarded as one of the leading experts in the interests of patients in Europe. His international activities, excellent diagnostics and legal successes in patient rights make his assessments particularly well-founded. Patients appreciate his scientifically based, discreet and trustworthy care. His articles are based on many years of practice and well-founded information at the highest level.
© Copyright Jörg Hagen
List of sources:
1 Littara A, Melone R, Morales-Medina JC, Iannitti T, Palmieri B. (2019) Cosmetic penile enhancement surgery: a 3-year single-center retrospective clinical evaluation of 355 cases. Sci Rep. 2019 Apr 19;9(1):6323.
DOI: Link
PubMed: Link
2 American Board of Urology (2024). Residency Requirements and Training Standards.
Link: ABU Residency Requirements
3. McDougall EM, Watters TJ, Clayman RV. (2007) 4-year curriculum for urology residency training. J Urol. 2007 Dec;178(6):2540-4.
DOI: Link
PubMed: Link
4 Trost L, Watter DN, Carrier S, Khera M, Yafi FA, Bernie HL, Ziegelmann M, Köhler T. (2024 ) Cosmetic penile enhancement procedures: an SMSNA position statement. J Sex Med. 2024 May 28;21(6):573-578.
DOI: Link
PubMed: Link
5 Vardi Y, Har-Shai Y, Gil T, Gruenwald I. (2008) A critical analysis of penile enhancement procedures for patients with normal penile size: surgical techniques, success, and complications. Eur Urol. 2008 Nov;54(5):1042-50.
DOI: Link
PubMed: Link
6 Falagario UG, Piramide F, Pang KH, Durukan E, Tzelves L, Ricapito A, Baekelandt L, Checcucci E, Carrion DM, Bettocchi C, Esperto F. (2024) Techniques for Penile Augmentation Surgery: A Systematic Review of Surgical Outcomes, Complications, and Quality of Life. Medicina (Kaunas). 2024 May 2;60(5):758.
DOI: Link
PubMed: Link
7. Xing MH, Hou SW, Raheem OA. (2022) Aesthetic Penile Augmentation Procedures: A Comprehensive and Current Perspective. Curr Urol Rep. 2022 Dec;23(12):355-361.
DOI: Link
PubMed: Link
8 Colombo F, Casarico A. (2008) Penile enlargement. Curr Opin Urol. 2008 Nov;18(6):583-8.
DOI: Link
PubMed: Link
9 Manfredi C, Romero Otero J, Djinovic R. (2022) Penile girth enhancement procedures for aesthetic purposes. Int J Impot Res. 2022 May;34(4):337-342.
DOI: Link
PubMed: Link
10. Birkmeyer JD, Stukel TA, Siewers AE, Goodney PP, Wennberg DE, Lucas FL. (2003) Surgeon volume and operative mortality in the United States. N Engl J Med. 2003 Nov 27;349(22):2117-27.
DOI: Link
PubMed: Link
11 Chowdhury MM, Dagash H, Pierro A. (2007) A systematic review of the impact of volume of surgery and specialization on patient outcome. Br J Surg. 2007 Feb;94(2):145-61.
DOI: Link
PubMed: Link
12 Mitchell P, Gottschalk M, Butts G, Xerogeanes J. (2013) Surgical site infection: A comparison of multispecialty and single specialty outpatient facilities. J Orthop. 2013 Sep 5;10(3):111-4.
DOI: Link
PubMed: Link
13. Pang G, Kwong M, Schlachta CM, Alkhamesi NA, Hawel JD, Elnahas AI. (2021) Safety of Same-day Discharge in High-risk Patients Undergoing Ambulatory General Surgery. J Surg Res. 2021 Jul;263:71-77.
DOI: Link
PubMed: Link
14 Su X, Zhao Z, Zhang W, Tian Y, Wang X, Yuan X, Tian S. (2024) Sedation versus general anesthesia on all-cause mortality in patients undergoing percutaneous procedures: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Anesthesiol. 2024 Apr 2;24(1):126.
DOI: Link
PubMed: Link
15. Fedok FG, Ferraro RE, Kingsley CP, Fornadley JA. (2000) Operative times, postanesthesia recovery times, and complications during sinonasal surgery using general anesthesia and local anesthesia with sedation. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2000 Apr;122(4):560-6.
DOI: Link
PubMed: Link
16 Deskoulidi PI, Caminer D. (2023) Lengthening Phalloplasty with Division of the Suspensory Ligament and Distally Based Fat Flaps in Penis Enlargement Operations. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2023 Sep 1;152(3):434e-437e.
DOI: Link
PubMed: Link
17 Xu L, Zhao M, Yang Z, Chen W, Li Y, Ma N, Wang W, Feng J, Liu Q, Ma T. (2016) Modified Penile Augmentation by Dermal-Fat Graft in Post-Hypospadias Adults. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2016 Feb;40(1):120-9.
DOI: Link
PubMed: Link
18 Xu L, Zhao M, Chen W, Li Y, Yang Z, Ma N, Wang W, Feng J, Liu Q, Ma T. (2016) Augmentation Phalloplasty With Autologous Dermal Fat Graft in the Treatment of “Small Penis”. Ann Plast Surg. 2016 Feb;77 Suppl 1:S60-5.
DOI: Link
PubMed: Link
19. Kang DH, Chung JH, Kim YJ, Lee HN, Cho SH, Chang TH, Lee SW. (2012) Efficacy and safety of penile girth enhancement by autologous fat injection for patients with thin penises. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2012 Aug;36(4):813-8.
DOI: Link
PubMed: Link
20. Strong AL, Rohrich RJ, Tonnard PL, Vargo JD, Cederna PS. (2024) Technical Precision with Autologous Fat Grafting for Facial Rejuvenation: A Review of the Evolving Science. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2024 Feb 1;153(2):360-377.
DOI: Link
PubMed: Link
21. Groen JW, Krastev TK, Hommes J, Wilschut JA, Ritt MJPF, van der Hulst RRJW. (2017) Autologous Fat Transfer for Facial Rejuvenation: A Systematic Review on Technique, Efficacy, and Satisfaction. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open. 2017 Dec 22;5(12):e1606.
DOI: Link
PubMed: Link
22 Zhao J, Chen C, Lan XD, Qin X, Li D, Zheng Y. (2025 ) Facial Rejuvenation Strategy in Asian Women with Autologous Fat Transplantation. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2025 Apr;49(7):1797-1807.
DOI: Link
PubMed: Link
23 Mamsen FPW, Fischer-Nielsen A, Svalgaard JD, Jensen JD, Jønsson B, Duscher D, Christensen J, Van Leeuwen M, Kiilerich CH, Roider L, Sterodimas A, Munthe-Fog L, Kølle ST. (2024) Correction: Cosmetic Breast Augmentation with Autologous Ex Vivo-Expanded Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cell (Stemform®)-Enriched Fat Grafts: A Study of the First Twenty-Two Real-World Patients. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2024 Jan;48(2):241-242.
DOI: Link
PubMed: Link
24 Li FC, Chen B, Cheng L. (2014) Breast augmentation with autologous fat injection: a report of 105 cases. Ann Plast Surg. 2014 Sep;73 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):S37-42.
DOI: Link
PubMed: Link
25 Abu Alqam R, Alkhwildi LA, Almaghrabi MT, Alali FK, Khashab RM, Bamatraf MS, Altamimi LA, Alshammari AJ, Alsuhaim A, Fadel ZT. (2025 ) Hand Rejuvenation Using Autologous Fat Grafting: A Systematic Review of Recommended Doses, Complications, and Patient Satisfaction. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2025 Mar;49(6):1734-1749.
DOI: Link
PubMed: Link
26 La Padula S, Ponzo M, Lombardi M, Iazzetta V, Errico C, Polverino G, Russo F, D’Andrea L, Hersant B, Meningaud JP, Salzano G, Pensato R. (2023 ) Nanofat in Plastic Reconstructive, Regenerative, and Aesthetic Surgery: A Review of Advancements in Face-Focused Applications. J Clin Med. 2023 Jun 28;12(13):4351.
DOI: Link
PubMed: Link
27. Lo Furno D, Tamburino S, Mannino G, Gili E, Lombardo G, Tarico MS, Vancheri C, Giuffrida R, Perrotta RE. (2017) Nanofat 2.0: experimental evidence for a fat grafting rich in mesenchymal stem cells. Physiol Res. 2017 Sep 22;66(4):663-671.
DOI: Link
PubMed: Link
28 Tonnard P, Verpaele A, Peeters G, Hamdi M, Cornelissen M, Declercq H. (2013) Nanofat grafting: basic research and clinical applications. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2013 Oct;132(4):1017-1026.
DOI: Link
PubMed: Link
29 Quintero Sierra LA, Biswas R, Conti A, Busato A, Ossanna R, Zingaretti N, Parodi PC, Conti G, Riccio M, Sbarbati A, De Francesco F. (2023 ) Highly Pluripotent Adipose-Derived Stem Cell-Enriched Nanofat: A Novel Translational System in Stem Cell Therapy. Cell Transplant. 2023 Jan-Dec;32:9636897231175968.
DOI: Link
PubMed: Link
30. Dayal A, Bhatia A, Hsu JT. (2022) Fat grafting in aesthetics. Clin Dermatol. 2022 Jan-Feb;40(1):35-44.
DOI: Link
PubMed: Link
31. Seth I, Bulloch G, Gibson D, Chow O, Seth N, Mann GB, Hunter-Smith DJ, Rozen WM. (2024) Autologous Fat Grafting in Breast Augmentation: A Systematic Review Highlighting the Need for Clinical Caution. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2024 Mar 1;153(3):527e-538e.
DOI: Link
PubMed: Link
32 Khor NWM, Dhar A, Cameron-Strange A. (2021) The perils of penile enhancement: case report of a fulminant penile infection. BMC Urol. 2021 Aug 24;21(1):115.
DOI: Link
PubMed: Link
33. Shigeev SV, Morozov YE, Gornostaev DV, Uspekhova OA. (2025) Fatal non-thrombotic pulmonary embolism in penis enlargement with injections of hyaluronic acid-based drugs. Sud Med Ekspert. 2025;68(1):59-62.
DOI: Link
PubMed: Link
34. Zhang YL, Sun ZS, Hong WJ, Chen Y, Zhou YF, Luo SK. (2024) Biofilm formation is a risk factor for late and delayed complications of filler injection. Front Microbiol. 2024 Jan 8;14:1297948.
DOI: Link
PubMed: Link
35. Shahrabi Farahani S, Sexton J, Stone JD, Quinn K, Woo SB. (2012) Lip nodules caused by hyaluronic acid filler injection: report of three cases. Head Neck Pathol. 2012 Mar;6(1):16-20.
DOI: Link
PubMed: Link
36 Wang R, Li Y, Li Z, Yao H, Zhai Z. (2024) Hyaluronic acid filler-induced vascular occlusion-Three case reports and overview of prevention and treatment. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2024 Apr;23(4):1217-1223.
DOI: Link
PubMed: Link
37. Zhang YL, Chen Y, Sun ZS, Luo SK. (2023) Retrospective Study of Vascular Complications Caused by Hyaluronic Acid Injection. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2023 Dec;47(6):2745-2753.
DOI: Link
PubMed: Link
38 Kapoor KM, Kapoor P, Heydenrych I, Bertossi D. (2020) Vision Loss Associated with Hyaluronic Acid Fillers: A Systematic Review of Literature. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2020 Jun;44(3):929-944.
DOI: Link
PubMed: Link
39 Chatrath V, Banerjee PS, Goodman GJ, Rahman E. (2019) Soft-tissue Filler-associated Blindness: A Systematic Review of Case Reports and Case Series. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open. 2019 Apr 2;7(4):e2173.
DOI: Link
PubMed: Link
40 Gabrielpillai J, Salamat A, Schaefer C, Kania A, Lunatschek C, Eichhorn KW, Bootz F, Send T. (2020) Hyaluronic Acid-based Filler Injection: Late-onset Thrombosis of the Frontal Vein. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open. 2020 Nov 25;8(11):e3216.
DOI: Link
PubMed: Link
41 Elist JJ, Valenzuela R, Hillelsohn J, Feng T, Hosseini A. (2018) A Single-Surgeon Retrospective and Preliminary Evaluation of the Safety and Effectiveness of the Penuma Silicone Sleeve Implant for Elective Cosmetic Correction of the Flaccid Penis. J Sex Med. 2018 Sep;15(9):1216-1223.
DOI: Link
PubMed: Link
42. Anderson JM, Rodriguez A, Chang DT. (2008) Foreign body reaction to biomaterials. Semin Immunol. 2008 Apr;20(2):86-100.
DOI: Link
PubMed: Link
43 Arciola CR, Campoccia D, Ehrlich GD, Montanaro L. (2015) Biofilm-based implant infections in orthopaedics. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2015;830:29-46.
DOI: Link
PubMed: Link
44 Juwono T, Buscaino K, Fernandez-Crespo R, Carrion R. (2021) Infection of the Penuma penile implant and associated post-operative complications: A case report. Urol Case Rep. 2021 Sep 9;39:101846.
DOI: Link
PubMed: Link
45. Siegal AR, Celtik KE, Razdan S, Sljivich M, Kansas B, Shah B, Levine LA, Valenzuela RJ. (2024) A multi-institutional update on surgical outcomes after penile silicone sleeve implantation. Ther Adv Urol. 2024 Apr 2;16:17562872241241858.
DOI: Link
PubMed: Link
46 García Callejo FJ, Calvo González J, Agustí Martínez J, Bécares Martínez C, Monzó Gandía R, Marco Algarra J. (2013) Neck lymphadenitis due to silicone granuloma after mammary implants. Acta Otorrinolaringol Esp. 2013 May-Jun;64(3):217-22.
DOI: Link
PubMed: Link
47 Alei G, Letizia P, Ricottilli F, Simone P, Alei L, Massoni F, Ricci S. (2012) Original technique for penile girth augmentation through porcine dermal acellular grafts: results in a 69-patient series. J Sex Med. 2012 Jul;9(7):1945-53.
DOI: Link
PubMed: Link
48 Xu T, Zhang G, Bai W, Li Q, Yang A, Lin Q, Xu T, Zhang X. (2019) Complications and Management of Penile Girth Enhancement with Acellular Dermal Matrix. J Sex Med. 2019 Dec;16(12):2011-2017.
DOI: Link
PubMed: Link
49. Zhang CL, Li H, Li Q, Bai WJ, Xu T, Zhang XW. (2020) [Decision regret analysis among Chinese patients receiving penile girth enhancement with acellular dermal matrix]. Beijing Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban. 2020 Aug 18;52(4):678-683. Chinese.
DOI: Link
PubMed: Link
50 Adhikari S. (2023) Penile Girth Augmentation Using SEPA Flap and Dermofat Grafts. J Cutan Aesthet Surg. 2023 Jul-Sep;16(3):198-204.
DOI: Link
PubMed: Link
51 Austoni E, Guarneri A, Cazzaniga A. (2002) A new technique for augmentation phalloplasty: albugineal surgery with bilateral saphenous grafts–three years of experience. Eur Urol. 2002 Sep;42(3):245-253; discussion 252-253.
DOI: Link
PubMed: Link
52nd European condom standard EN ISO 4074 – Official links
DIN Media (Official Sale): https://www.dinmedia.de/de/norm/din-en-iso-4074/263522064
53 DIN EN ISO 4074:2024-09 – Draft standard for the next version
DIN Media (draft): https://www.dinmedia.de/de/norm-entwurf/din-en-iso-4074/382482368
54. Di Mauro M, Tonioni C, Cocci A, Kluth LA, Russo GI, Gomez Rivas J, Cacciamani G, Cito G, Morelli G, Polloni G, di Maida F, Giunti D; Trauma, Reconstructive Urology, Men’s Health Working Parties of the European Association of Urology (EAU) Young Academic Urologists (YAU). (2021) Penile length and circumference dimensions: A large study in young Italian men. Andrologia. 2021 Jul;53(6):e14053.
DOI: Link
PubMed: Link
55. Belladelli F, Del Giudice F, Glover F, Mulloy E, Muncey W, Basran S, Fallara G, Pozzi E, Montorsi F, Salonia A, Eisenberg ML. (2023) Worldwide Temporal Trends in Penile Length: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. World J Mens Health. 2023 Oct;41(4):848-860.
DOI: Link
PubMed: Link
56 Habous M, Muir G, Tealab A, Williamson B, Elkhouly M, Elhadek W, Mahmoud S, Laban O, Binsaleh S, Abdelwahab O, Mulhall JP, Veale D. (2015) Analysis of the Interobserver Variability in Penile Length Assessment. J Sex Med. 2015 Oct;12(10):2031-2035.
DOI: Link
PubMed: Link
57. Promodu K, Shanmughadas KV, Bhat S, Nair KR. (2007) Penile length and circumference: an Indian study. Int J Impot Res. 2007 Nov-Dec;19(6):558-563.
DOI: Link
PubMed: Link
58. Mostafaei H, Mori K, Katayama S, Quhal F, Pradere B, Yanagisawa T, Laukhtina E, König F, Motlagh RS, Rajwa P, Salehi-Pourmehr H, Hajebrahimi S, Shariat SF. (2025) A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Penis Length and Circumference According to WHO Regions: Who has the Biggest One? Urol Res Pract. 2025 Mar 7;50(5):291-301.
DOI: Link
PubMed: Link
59 Wang C, WangDing Y. (2025 ) A meta-analysis of Chinese men’s penile size in a global context. Andrology. 2025 May;13(4):681-693.
DOI: Link
PubMed: Link
60 Hong S, Choi W, Lee KW, Lee YT, Kwon T. (2023) Penile length and circumference: are they related to nose size? Transl Androl Urol. 2023 May 31;12(5):708-714.
DOI: Link
PubMed: Link
61. Mautz BS, Wong BB, Peters RA, Jennions MD. (2013) Penis size interacts with body shape and height to influence male attractiveness. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013 Apr 23;110(17):6925-6930.
DOI: Link
PubMed: Link
62 Prause N, Park J, Leung S, Miller G. (2015) Women’s Preferences for Penis Size: A New Research Method Using Selection among 3D Models. PLoS One. 2015 Sep 2;10(9):e0133079.
DOI: Link
PubMed: Link
63 Lever, J., Frederick, D. A., & Peplau, L. A. (2006) Does Size Matter? Men’s and Women’s Views on Penis Size Across the Lifespan. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 7(3), 129-143
Full-text PDF (UCLA)
64 David A. Frederick, Anne Peplau, Janet Lever (2008) The Barbie Mystique: Satisfaction with Breast Size and Shape across the Lifespan (2008), International Journal of Sexual Health, Vol. 20, Issue 3, Pages 200-211
DOI: Link
65 Dixson, A. F. (2009). Sexual Selection and the Origins of Human Mating Systems. Oxford University Press.
DOI: Link
66. Gallup GG Jr, Burch RL. (2004) Semen displacement as a sperm competition strategy in humans. Evolutionary Psychology. 2004;2(1):12-23.
DOI: Link
67 Barnhart KT, Izquierdo A, Pretorius ES, Shera DM, Shabbout M, Shaunik A. (2006) Baseline dimensions of the human vagina. Hum Reprod. 2006 Jun;21(6):1618-1622.
DOI: Link
PubMed: Link
68 Pendergrass PB, Belovicz MW, Reeves CA. (2003) Surface area of the human vagina as measured from vinyl polysiloxane casts. Gynecol Obstet Invest. 2003;55(2):110-113.
DOI: Link
PubMed: Link
69. Rudman LA, Fetterolf JC. (2014) Gender and sexual economics: do women view sex as a female commodity? Psychol Sci. 2014 Jul;25(7):1438-1447.
DOI: Link
PubMed: Link
70 Baumeister RF, Twenge JM. (2002) Cultural Suppression of Female Sexuality. Review of General Psychology. 2002;6(2):166-203.
DOI: Link