- Penis enlargement in Darmstadt
- Which doctor should perform a surgical penis enlargement?
- Does an extension also take place in an excited state?
- What result can we achieve?
- What is the organizational procedure for penis enlargement?
- What type of anesthesia is used?
- What technology is used for the extension?
- Why don\’t we use a different technique for penis enlargement?
- What happens before & after the operation?
- Costs & financing
- How long is the average penis when erect?
- Is penis length important?
Penile lengthening with UGRS
Surgical penile lengthening is a procedure that only a few doctors have worked on intensively for many years. The doctors at UGRS are among the pioneers in this field and have been working on the possibilities of surgical penile lengthening for decades.
Thanks to consistent specialization, evidence-based medicine and the continuous development of proven surgical procedures, patients from Germany and all over the world rely on our experience today.
More than 600 penis enlargement operations per year speak for themselves.
Below you will find our detailed patient information on surgical penile lengthening.
Who will treat me in Darmstadt?
Your doctors in the male intimate surgery section:
(In the middle: Prof. Littara; details about our doctors can be found here)
Find the evidence-based answers to your questions below:
- Penis enlargement in Darmstadt
- Which doctor should perform a surgical penis enlargement?
- Does an extension also take place in an excited state?
- What result can we achieve?
- What is the organizational procedure for penis enlargement?
- What type of anesthesia is used?
- What technology is used for the extension?
- Why don\’t we use a different technique for penis enlargement?
- What happens before & after the operation?
- Costs & financing
- How long is the average penis when erect?
- Is penis length important?
- Penis enlargement in Darmstadt
- Which doctor should perform a surgical penis enlargement?
- Does an extension also take place in an excited state?
- What result can we achieve?
- What is the organizational procedure for penis enlargement?
- What type of anesthesia is used?
- What technology is used for the extension?
- Why don\’t we use a different technique for penis enlargement?
- What happens before & after the operation?
- Costs & financing
- How long is the average penis when erect?
- Is penis length important?
Which doctor should perform a surgical penile lengthening?
Why penile lengthening is not a harmless procedure
Many patients believe that penile lengthening surgery is a simple procedure with no risk. Some advertising promises made by doctors have no scientific basis.
Competent advice and the safe, effective performance of a surgical penile lengthening should only be carried out by a doctor who is personally experienced in this procedure. This is what we specialize in in Darmstadt.
Why is many years of experience in penile lengthening absolutely essential?
The study situation on surgical penis lengthening is poor and shows contradictory results. Further research and the creation of guidelines for this operation are necessary. When performed with great experience and using evidence-based techniques, the results of enlargement are very good, with low risk and high patient satisfaction (Citation: 1).
Why is not every doctor proficient in penile lengthening surgery?
When we perform penis lengthening surgery here in Darmstadt and apply our evidence-based methods to a high quality standard, the following is the result:
- Very good penile lengthening results both in flaccid and erect state
- Low risk
- Very high patient satisfaction
Important scientific findings:
- Current studies emphasize the particular importance of the personal experience of the operating surgeon and correct patient selection. To prevent risks and achieve good and lasting results (Citation: 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10)
- In penile lengthening, the same technique produces very different results, depending on the surgeon (Citation: 9). This finding shows that an inexperienced surgeon is often to blame for a poor result.
- It depends on the personal case numbers of the surgeon, not on the case numbers of the clinic or the title of the doctor (Citation: 10, 11).
Risks? Of course - but controllable
Every medical procedure involves risks. However, thanks to our specialization, precise surgical technique and decades of experience, penile lengthening at our clinic in Darmstadt is associated with a very low risk of complications.
Conclusion: Here in Darmstadt, we focus on quality, sustainability and your long-term satisfaction. That’s why we avoid trends and advertising promises. We also don’t use long-known techniques to sell them as novelties, which unfortunately happens again and again. We concentrate on: safe, natural and permanent penis enlargement with medical excellence.
Penile lengthening even when aroused?
Yes, penile lengtheningt also in erection
Our experience and the application of the right evidence-based technique also leads to an increase in erection length. This has been proven by independent scientific studies (Citation: 1).
Some doctors claim that penile lengthening with an erection is not possible. That is definitely wrong. We would like to emphasize again the importance of experience and competence for the result. Even when using the identical technique, different results are obtained depending on the treating physician (Citation: 9)
Our approach to effective penile lengthening in Darmstadt combines the highest level of experience, skill and medical precision. Added to this are the highest quality materials, human empathy and the utmost discretion.
What is our specialty in Darmstadt?
The founding father of the UGRS, Dr. Jörn Ege, who is responsible for penile lengthening, performed surgical penis enlargement as early as 1993. He was socially criticized for years for performing this operation.
In 1995, Dr. Jörn Ege also developed the first penis extender for use after surgery, the JES Extender named after him.
UGRS doctors and the UGRS team in Darmstadt have 20 years of experience, competence and skill ahead of most other surgeons in Germany.
Milestones of our expertise:
- 1993: First surgical penis enlargement by Dr. Jörn Ege
- 2006-today: Over 8,000 documented penis enlargement operations
Our treatment approach in Darmstadt combines:
- Highest level of experience (8,000+ operations)
- Medical precision through evidence-based methods
- High-quality materials
- Human empathy
- Maximum discretion
- Team specializing in penis enlargement
What results can we achieve with penile lengthening?
Our highly effective method is based exclusively on the body’s own tissue. No foreign materials are used.
- Extension: standard span approx. 3.8 - 8.1 cm
The operation is an outpatient procedure under local anesthesia with twilight sleep; no general anesthesia is necessary. Thanks to our “speed recovery” technique, you will soon be fit for everyday life again.
Penis enlargement can be combined with penis thickening. See under main menu item “Penis enlargement”.
Your advantages at a glance
- Permanent penile lengthening without foreign materials such as silicone
- Outpatient procedure with local anesthesia and twilight sleep (no general anesthesia required)
- Complete functional integrity
Your request to us
Your contact: Felix Jung
Intimate Surgery Office
Mon – Fri from 9.30 am – 7 pm
Alternatively, you can conveniently book an appointment online for a telephone consultation with one of our doctors.
or fill out our contact form:
What is the organizational procedure for penis enlargement?
Transparency from the initial consultation to aftercare
Penis enlargement surgery should not be undertaken lightly. That’s why every penis enlargement treatment in Darmstadt begins with a detailed personal consultation. Together with you, we clarify your goals, discuss possible results of penis enlargement and openly answer all questions about risks, the healing process and the technique. Your decision on penis enlargement should be well-founded.
Before the operation in Darmstadt
- Anonymous, free and non-binding advice, by telephone or e-mail
- Medical evaluation of your health situation
- Detailed consultation
- Discussion of your initial anatomical situation and medical history
- Clarification of the process and the exact procedure
The procedure itself: Penis enlargement
- Duration: approx. 60 minutes
- Local anesthesia with gentle twilight sleep. Naturally performed by our experienced anesthetists. General anesthesia is possible on request.
- Gentle keyhole technique for penis enlargement
- You can find out how we perform the operation under the menu item “Which technique is used for lengthening?”
After the operation (on the day of the operation)
- Recovery time on site after the operation (approx. 1 hour)
- Return to the hotel (hospital stay possible but not necessary)
After the operation (day after)
- Wound control
- You will receive detailed aftercare instructions (e.g. abstaining from sport and sex for approx. 5 weeks)
- Follow-up appointments are not necessary but are of course possible at any time free of charge
Thanks to our special technique, many patients report minimal pain, rapid recovery and a high level of fitness for everyday life just a few days after the procedure.
What type of anesthesia is used?
We have been performing penis enlargement on an outpatient basis in twilight sleep for around 20 years. Our experience and expertise make this possible.
You will experience the procedure in a relaxed manner, will not notice anything and will be fit again very quickly.
Of course, the anesthesiologist in Darmstadt is always present.
Scientific basis for these benefits:
Which technique is used for penile lengthening?
Results
Our penile lengthening technique in Darmstadt is based on the latest scientific findings, evidence-based medicine and decades of experience.
Why pure ligamentolysis is not sufficient for penis lengthening: Studies have clearly shown that the original surgical technique of pure ligamentolysis achieves poorer results (Citation: 16).
Our combined technique for penis lengthening: UGRS doctors have therefore been performing a combined technique that has been modified over the years since 1993:
- Ligamentolysis with subsequent
- Internal swivel flap plastic in a modified form
- Additional special features (not publicly disclosed for quality reasons)
- Only the body's own material (no "silicone ball")
Important to know: you can find out why we generally do not use silicone implants for penile lengthening under the menu item “Why don’t we use any other technique for penile lengthening?“.
This combined technique for penile lengthening achieves better results, especially when performed professionally by an experienced doctor (Citation: 1, 9, 16).
Explained in a patient-friendly way: During penile lengthening, we remove a little extra from the inner part of the penis, which lengthens the outer part.
We used to describe the ratio as 50:50.
Important: No incisions are made in the penis – there are no risks in this regard.
Why don't we use a different technique for penile lengthening?
Why don't we use silicone balls or silicone sleeves?
Read here about often concealed risks and dangers
We list methods offered as an alternative to the technique we use and evaluate them according to scientific knowledge and personal experience.
Why don't we use silicone sleeves for penile lengthening?
In the USA in particular, silicone plates for penile lengthening are offered under different product names, even by the same manufacturer. They are often offered as simple, low-risk and with equivalent results.
What important scientific findings are there on silicone sleeves?
Important scientific findings:
- Primarily enlargement in the flaccid state: The silicone sleeves lead to enlargement (also penis enlargement) in the flaccid state (Citation: 17). In our experience, many patients are not even aware of this. What it can mean for the erection if an inserted implant does not grow with it is understandable.
- Significant risks: The insertion of silicone sleeves can involve considerable risks and complications. These include biofilm formation due to bacteria, infections and foreign body reactions (Citation: 18, 19). These risks can also lead to shortening and curvature of the penis (Citation; 20).
- Risk of erosion: Since the penis is a highly flexible organ and the silicone plate is not, the implant may pierce the skin (erosion) or disrupt underlying structures that are important for the function of the penis. A very comprehensive scientific study on the subject concludes that the risk of erosion in particular was probably underestimated in earlier publications (Citation: 21)
So why don't we use silicone sleeves?
Our technique leads to penis enlargement in a flaccid AND erect state and does not involve the risks of foreign material.
Why don't we use silicone balls in the penis enlargement technique?
What are the mechanical risks of silicone balls during sexual intercourse?
There is also considerable mechanical force at the point between the penis and the pelvic bone during sexual intercourse. In the worst case, the implant can slip.
Conclusion: Our penis enlargement technique uses only the body’s own tissue. This eliminates the additional risks associated with artificial material and the position of the implant.
Thanks to our experience and expertise, we do not need to use a silicone ball to achieve good results
Are there options for penis enlargement without surgery?
We do not have to resort to science to answer this question, but can answer it on the basis of general logic and common knowledge:
If there was something simple and inexpensive for penis enlargement, we doctors wouldn’t be in the operating theater from morning to night.
Can hormone pills or hormone patches cause penis enlargement?
If hormone pills or hormone patches caused penis lengthening, many professional bodybuilders and millions of older men who take these pills due to age-related hormonal weakness would have very long penises because they take these pills for years. The opposite is the case.
What do you think of penis stretching belts for penis enlargement?
With regard to penis stretching belts, it should be noted that the best-known one refers to an FDA approval that does not even exist and presents a study on effectiveness that firstly relates to a different product and secondly is controversial in the scientific community.
Whether it is credible that it would be risk-free to pull the penis aside for hours every day for 6 months or longer is a question you can surely answer for yourself.
Please note the following:
The disease induratio penis plastica (Peyronie’s disease) can not only lead to a curved penis, but also to a shortened penis depending on the location of the focus of the disease. In the case of shortening without curvature, surgical penis lengthening can be an option for treatment, although it would generally make more sense to remove the focus of the disease first and consider penis lengthening as a supplementary treatment option.
Patients repeatedly ask whether penis enlargement can be combined with the insertion of a penile prosthesis. Unfortunately, we have to advise against this for various reasons.
If the desire for a penis enlargement arises from a shortened penis that is associated with a poorer erection, the cause must always be found first – whether it is due to erectile dysfunction or a hormonal problem, for example.
What happens before & after penile lengthening surgery?
Well prepared = relaxed throughout the procedure.
Good preparation and clear aftercare are crucial for an optimal surgical result with penile lengthening. Our aim is for you to feel well informed, safe and accompanied at all times. That is why you will not only receive medical care from us, but also clear, understandable instructions for every phase.
Before the operation
- Take your time to make your decision - we will advise you without pressure.
- Our special feature: patients can cancel up to the last second free of charge. We do not pressure or persuade anyone to undergo surgery.
- Plan your penile lengthening as stress-free as possible: Many patients do not require a vacation as the procedure is performed on an outpatient basis.
- Avoid alcohol and nicotine from 24 hours before the penile lengthening. You should refrain from taking blood-thinning medication (after consulting your family doctor!) for 10 days before the operation.
- Bring comfortable clothing, ideally with a wide waistband.
- Our secretarial staff will be happy to help you with your travel planning and accommodation.
After the operation
- Rest on the day of the operation and follow our instructions for wound care.
- Wear the dressing as recommended and avoid rubbing and pressure on the surgical area.
- You should refrain from sexual intercourse and sporting activities for about five weeks - after that you will usually be able to work under full pressure again.
- Showering is usually possible again after a few days - bathing, sauna and swimming pool only after clearance by the doctor.
Speed recovery: Why our patients are fit so quickly after penis lengthening surgery
Thanks to the combination of experience, gentle technique, keyhole surgery and relaxed anesthesia in twilight sleep, our patients experience penile lengthening as uncomplicated. Many are able to return to work after just a few days – depending on their workload. This is what we call medical efficiency for your quality of life.
Our promise: We will not leave you alone after your penile lengthening. You will receive written aftercare instructions, a contact person for any queries – and a short-term check-up if required. Your safety, satisfaction and recovery are our focus.
Costs of penile lengthening
-
1.
Approx. EUR 12,300 for the combination of extension and thickening (recommended)
Approx. EUR 9,500 for pure extension
Approx. EUR 7,500 for pure thickening
Financing possible, please contact us. -
2.
In case of explicit request for enlargement only in slack condition: approx. EUR 5,000.00 -
3.
CORRECTION OPERATION (i.e. if we have to correct operations that have gone wrong elsewhere):
from approx. EUR 13,500.00
from approx. EUR 14,500.00 if products not approved for use on the penis (silicone plates, silicone ball, etc.) were used.
Payment options
- Bank transfer
- EC or credit card
- Cash payment (anonymous, possible without notification)
- If you do not wish to pay for your treatment all at once, there are other payment options available. Please contact us.
Why quality has its price
Our surgical technique for penis enlargement is based on over two decades of research, development and international exchange. We work exclusively with qualified personnel, high-quality materials and state-of-the-art instruments. All of this is incorporated into the costs – as well as your safety, satisfaction and a lasting result.
Our promise
- No hidden costs
- No additional fees for aftercare
- No compromise on quality and safety with penis enlargement
If you’re considering penis enlargement, do it right – with a specialized team that doesn’t compromise.
How long is the average penis when erect?
Read our analysis based on scientific facts and publications below.
The European condom standard EN ISO 4074 can clearly be used for the European penis: The standard-compliant condom has a length of at least 16 cm (Citation: 23, 24). As the DIN standard requires condoms to fit snugly so that their protective function can be effective, the average European penis cannot be significantly shorter than 16 cm. Otherwise, all standard-compliant condoms would be too large and would not be able to fulfill their protective function.
A recent study of 4,800 Italian men found that the average Italian penis is 16.78 cm long when erect (Citation: 25). This is roughly in line with the European condom standard.
The average European penis is therefore approx. 16 -17 cm long when erect
The fact that an average penis is only 14.13 cm or even only 12.3 cm long, as has often been claimed in the past, is simply wrong.
What led to these incorrect values in publications in the past?
Find out here what caused this incorrect value:
Has penis length changed in recent years?
Interestingly, a large-scale study has found that penis size has increased by 24% in the last 20 years (Citation: 26). This is not actually possible because the time span is far too short for a serious evolutionary change.
Certain measurement methods led to incorrect results
The previous procedure was to determine the penis length in erection by stretching the flaccid penis. One study found that on average the penis is 2.64 cm too short in relation to a real erection (Citation: 27).
In old studies, it was apparently wrongly assumed that the stretched length of the flaccid penis is identical to the erection length.
Why are ethnic differences in penis size important?
In addition, it is likely that the old values for penis length were based on the average man worldwide. In the past, it was not taken into account that there are considerable ethnic differences in penis size (Citation: 28, 29, 30).
The old studies on average penis size included Asian men, although Asian men, especially Chinese men, have significantly smaller penises than European or US men (Citation: 30).
Conclusion: The studies and publications prior to 2006 and later studies that referred to the old ones obviously overlooked the error-prone measurement method of elongation (which is also dependent on the traction force) and the ethnic differences. They are therefore based on false assumptions.
It can be assumed that penis sizes have not recently increased by 24%, but have always been 24% larger than measured due to the flawed measurement protocol.
What is the scientifically correct approach to assessing penis size and related problems?
It is now scientifically recommended to measure average penis sizes in relation to their ethnic variance in order to better address the needs of patients or partners (Citation: 29).
For a European woman who has a problem with her partner’s penis size, it is of no use to be told the average size of a Chinese man’s penis.
Is penis length important?
Based on our decades of evidence-based work, extensive experience and interviews with patients and their partners, we can clearly answer this question with “yes”.
What does science say about the importance of penis size?
A study by the California State University and the University of California, which analyzed a survey of around 52,000 men and women in partner relationships, confirms that 84% of women are generally satisfied with the size of their partner’s penis, but also reports that 14% of women would like their partner to have a larger penis (Citation: 31).
Why is 14% dissatisfied women a significant number?
14% may not sound like much at first, but in reality it is a lot, making the issue of penis size very important for women and their sexual satisfaction. Because 14% means more than 8 million women in the USA alone and more than 12 million women in Europe.
This means that the issue of penis size is much more important for women than previously assumed by society.
Does the preference for larger penises have an evolutionary advantage?
Scientists have been investigating whether there is an evolutionary reason for women’s preference for larger penises.
The results are impressive:
How has the female body influenced penis size in evolutionary terms?
On the one hand, the female body seems to have had a decisive evolutionary influence on penis size. The penis seems to have increased in size because the human vagina is larger compared to primates, so that the larger head of a human child, which results from the larger brain, can fit through it. In order for the human penis to continue to fill the vagina during sexual intercourse, it inevitably had to become larger (Citation: 32).
Do larger penises increase the probability of reproduction?
Larger penises also appear to increase the probability of reproductive success (Citation: 33).
A larger penis could therefore be important in terms of the probability of reproduction.
What role does the size variance of the vagina play?
Are women actively considering penis enlargement?
Who makes appointments for surgical penis enlargement?
Women are becoming active: We can report from our evidence-based medical practice that more and more women are making appointments for penis enlargement for their partners.
Penis enlargement surgery is not a male issue, as was long assumed, but affects both partners equally.
The article has been checked, verified and approved by the Co-author Jörg Hagen. Author: Prof. Alessandro Littara.
About the author
Alessandro Littara is an international luminary in the field of urological reconstructions.
Thanks to his pioneering work in the field of phalloplasty, which began in 1990, he is considered one of the forefathers in the field of male genital plastic surgery. He teaches the technique he modified at the International Academy of Penoplasty.
His quest for the most effective solution with maximum safety led him to develop a method that does not require any foreign materials.
The current guidelines of the European Association of Urology (EAU) from March 2026 confirm his tireless fight against the use of silicone implants or similar foreign materials, most of which are not approved in Europe anyway, in surgical penis enlargement in a table(https://uroweb.org/guidelines/sexual-and-reproductive-health on page 100), which warns against the use of foreign materials.
Activities
His medical positions are in addition to his work at the UGRS Center Darmstadt:
- Former head physician of the Department of Medical and Surgical Andrology and Sexology at the Mercurio-Quisisana Private Clinic in Montecatini Terme, where he performed his first thousand penis enlargement operations.
- Training manager at the International Academy for Penoplasty https://www.penoplastycourse.com/
- Medical Director of the Milan Center for Sexual Medicine
- Head surgeon of the surgical penis enlargement section at the UGRS Center Darmstadt
Internationally recognized expert
He is interviewed as an expert on the subject by numerous daily newspapers, lifestyle magazines, radio stations and TV stations both in Europe and especially in the USA.
He is an international expert for the following media, among others:
USA Today, New York Post, Daily Mail, Le Parisien, Yahoo Sports, Marca, SVT, Aftonbladet, Expressen, de Telegraaf, RMC Sport/BFM TV, Nettavisen, Yle, Sapo/Portugal, la Repubblica, Corriere della Sera, La Stampa, Panorama and RAI News.
In cooperation with the Italian Ministry of Health, he has promoted digitalization in the field of urology and was one of the pioneers in providing information on medical topics via digital media.
Special recognition of his medical work
In the current guidelines of the European Association of Urology (EAU) https://uroweb.org/guidelines/sexual-and-reproductive-health, he is the only doctor named on the subject of surgical penis enlargement.
Until recently, he performed high-end operations by special invitation at the Harley Health Village in the famous Harley Street (internationally renowned for excellent plastic surgery) in London. During his time working here he performed over a thousand penis enlargements on British patients alone.
He is an accredited expert on Wikitia, the science-based offshoot of Wikipedia.
Special scientific merits
He has close scientific ties to the University Hospital in Pisa and is the author of the world’s largest scientific study to date on the subject of surgical penis enlargement, which is listed in the National Library of Medicine USA (PubMed).
His memberships in addition to the UGRS membership
- Italian Society of Andrology (S.I.A.)
- Italian Society of Sexology and Sex Education (S.I.S.E.S)
- Italian Society of Male Genital Surgery (S.I.C.G.E.M.)
- European Society of Sexual Medicine (E.S.S.M.)
- International Society for Sexual and Impotence Research (I.S.S.I.R.)
- Member of the American Academy of Cosmetic Surgery (A.A.C.S.)
- Trainer of the European Association of Genital Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery and Rejuvenation
About the medical co-author Jörg Hagen
Special merits:
The doctor Jörg Hagen has been working on the subject of surgical penis enlargement for over 30 years and has made a decisive contribution to the establishment of this operation in Germany.
With reference to the UGRS (then known as the GC of Urology), the British newspaper GUARDIAN described Germany as the world champion in penis enlargement in 2014.
He is the current organizational head of UGRS Darmstadt.
Interview with co-author Jörg Hagen (often called “Dr.Penis”) in the podcast on RTL+: https://plus.rtl.de/lets-talk-about-sex-2-0-p_30595/audio/jorg-hagen-es-gibt-keinen-perfekten-penis-c_1411114
Your request to us
Your contact: Felix Jung
Intimate Surgery Office
Mon – Fri from 9.30 am – 7 pm
Alternatively, you can conveniently book an appointment online for a telephone consultation with one of our doctors.
or fill out our contact form:
List of sources:
2 American Board of Urology (2024). Residency Requirements and Training Standards.
Link: ABU Residency Requirements
6 Falagario UG, Piramide F, Pang KH, Durukan E, Tzelves L, Ricapito A, Baekelandt L, Checcucci E, Carrion DM, Bettocchi C, Esperto F. (2024) Techniques for Penile Augmentation Surgery: A Systematic Review of Surgical Outcomes, Complications, and Quality of Life. Medicina (Kaunas). 2024 May 2;60(5):758.
DOI: Link
PubMed: Link
17 Elist JJ, Valenzuela R, Hillelsohn J, Feng T, Hosseini A. (2018) A Single-Surgeon Retrospective and Preliminary Evaluation of the Safety and Effectiveness of the Penuma Silicone Sleeve Implant for Elective Cosmetic Correction of the Flaccid Penis. J Sex Med. 2018 Sep;15(9):1216-1223.
DOI: Link
PubMed: Link
23rd European condom standard EN ISO 4074 – Official links
DIN Media (Official Sale): https://www.dinmedia.de/de/norm/din-en-iso-4074/263522064
24DIN EN ISO 4074:2024-09 – Draft standard for the next version
DIN Media (draft): https://www.dinmedia.de/de/norm-entwurf/din-en-iso-4074/382482368
25. Di Mauro M, Tonioni C, Cocci A, Kluth LA, Russo GI, Gomez Rivas J, Cacciamani G, Cito G, Morelli G, Polloni G, di Maida F, Giunti D; Trauma, Reconstructive Urology, Men’s Health Working Parties of the European Association of Urology (EAU) Young Academic Urologists (YAU). (2021) Penile length and circumference dimensions: A large study in young Italian men. Andrologia. 2021 Jul;53(6):e14053.
DOI: Link
PubMed: Link
29. Mostafaei H, Mori K, Katayama S, Quhal F, Pradere B, Yanagisawa T, Laukhtina E, König F, Motlagh RS, Rajwa P, Salehi-Pourmehr H, Hajebrahimi S, Shariat SF. (2025) A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Penis Length and Circumference According to WHO Regions: Who has the Biggest One? Urol Res Pract. 2025 Mar 7;50(5):291-301.
DOI: Link
PubMed: Link
31 Lever, J., Frederick, D. A., & Peplau, L. A. (2006) Does Size Matter? Men’s and Women’s Views on Penis Size Across the Lifespan. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 7(3), 129-143
Full-text PDF (UCLA)
32 Dixson, A. F. (2009). Sexual Selection and the Origins of Human Mating Systems. Oxford University Press.
DOI: Link
33. Gallup GG Jr, Burch RL. (2004) Semen displacement as a sperm competition strategy in humans. Evolutionary Psychology. 2004;2(1):12-23.
DOI: Link